Temporal and spatial shifts in gun violence, before and after a historic police killing in Minneapolis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the police murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, MN on firearm violence, and examine the spatial and social heterogeneity of the effect. METHODS: We analyzed a uniquely constructed panel dataset of Minneapolis Zip Code Tabulation Areas from 2016-2020 (n = 5742), consisting of Minnesota Hospital Association, Minneapolis Police Department, Minneapolis Public Schools, Census Bureau, and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources data. Interrupted time-series and random effects panel models were used to model the spatiotemporal effects of police killing event on the rate of firearm assault injuries. RESULTS: Findings reveal a rising and falling temporal pattern post-killing and a spatial pattern in which disadvantaged, historically Black communities near earlier sites of protest against police violence experienced the brunt of the post-killing increase in firearm assault injury. These effects remain after adjusting for changes in police activity and pandemic-related restrictions, indicating that rising violence was not a simple byproduct of changes in police behavior or COVID-19 response. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the increases in firearm violence as a result of police violence are disproportionately borne by underserved communities.

The contingent effect of incarceration on state health outcomes.

Introduction: This study examines how growth in the population of former prisoners affects rates of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV. Methods: We estimate state-level fixed effects count models showing how the former prisoner population affected communicable disease in U.S. states from 1987 to 2010, a period of dramatic growth in incarceration. Results: We find contingent effects, based on how specific diseases are recognized, tested, and treated in prisons. The rate of former prisoners increases diseases that are poorly addressed in the prison health care system (e.g., chlamydia), but decreases diseases that are routinely tested and treated (e.g., tuberculosis). For HIV, the relationship has shifted in response to specific treatment mandates and protocols. Data on prison healthcare spending tracks these contingencies. Discussion: Improving the health of prisoners can improve the health of the communities to which they return. We consider these results in light of the relative quality of detection and treatment available to underserved populations within and outside prisons.

Criminal punishment and violent injury in Minnesota.

BACKGROUND: Violence is one of the leading causes of injury and death in the United States. One-way society attempts to eliminate violence is through criminal punishment. Yet, in many contexts, punishment fails to reduce violence and may cause other harms. Current research on violence often suffers from same-source bias which can produce spurious associations. This study assesses the associations of different forms of criminal punishment (monetary sanctions, incarceration, and probation) with violent injuries in two unique datasets. METHODS: This study examines a unique combination of hospital discharge data and court administrative data, two Minnesota county-level data sources. First, we assess the spatial distribution of the three criminal punishment variables and two violent injury variables, violent injury overall and violent injury in children by county from 2010 to 2014, using Moran's I statistic and Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation. Then we assess the association of criminal punishment on violent injury and child abuse injury using a two-way fixed effects panel models. RESULTS: Child abuse injuries are relatively rare in our data but are significantly concentrated geographically, unlike violent injuries which are more dispersed throughout Minnesota. Incarceration and probation are significantly geographically concentrated in similar regions while monetary sanctions are not geographically concentrated. We find a link between probation loads and violent injury, specifically, with a 1 day increase in per capita probation supervision associated with a 0.044 increase in violent injury incidence per 1000 people. In contrast, monetary sanctions and incarceration loads have little association with either violent injury or child abuse injury incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Criminal punishment is intended to reduce harm in society, but many argue that it may bring unintended consequences such as violence. This study finds that county-level probation has a modest positive association with county-level violent injury rates, but monetary sanctions and incarceration are less associated with violence injury rates. No measure of criminal punishment was associated with a reduction in violence. This study addresses a gap in previous literature by examining the association of punishment and violence in two unrelated datasets. High rates of criminal punishment and violent injury are both urgent public health emergencies. Further individual-level investigation is needed to assess potential links.

Proximal Biceps Tenodesis Incorporated into Supraspinatus Repair: A Case Series and Technical Description.

BACKGROUND: Biceps tendon pathology is commonly associated with rotator cuff tears. A multitude of different biceps tenodesis techniques have been studied, with limited clinical data on arthroscopic biceps tenodesis techniques incorporated into rotator cuff repairs. PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of an arthroscopic biceps tenodesis incorporated into a supraspinatus tendon repair. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgical treatment of supraspinatus tendon tears with concomitant biceps tendon pathology were prospectively enrolled from 2014 to 2015. A total of 32 patients underwent combined biceps tenodesis and rotator cuff repair; of these, 19 patients were evaluated for a mean of 2.0 years. The primary outcome measures were the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES; patient self-report and physician assessment sections), visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, responses to specific biceps-related assessments, and biceps specific physical exam findings. RESULTS: Patient-reported ASES scores improved from 45.9 preoperatively to 91.6 at the 2-year follow-up (P < .001). Pain VAS scores improved from 5.2 preoperatively to 0.7 at the 2-year follow-up (P < .001). Preoperatively, 18 patients had a positive Speed test; all were negative at 5 months postoperatively, and 21 patients had bicipital groove tenderness preoperatively, which resolved in all 21 patients at 5 months postoperatively. At the 2-year follow-up, 2 patients had cramping arm pain and 4 patients noticed a change in arm contour. There were no reoperations. No complications occurred in the study group. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis incorporated into a supraspinatus tendon repair was a safe and reliable option for biceps pathology with a concomitant rotator cuff tear.

Editorial Commentary: Just Getting Warmed Up: Risks, Benefits, and Economics of Active Warming Devices.

Efforts to maintain normothermia should be a part of every patient's perioperative care. Risks, benefits, and economic implications should be considered when deciding how to use active warming devices for orthopaedic surgery. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has implemented economic incentives and penalties driving hospitals to invest in active warming devices, including forced-air warmers and resistive heating devices. Even though forced-air warmers and resistive heating blankets are likely to statistically improve patient temperatures, they may not be worth the additional cost for shorter, less invasive, elective arthroscopic surgeries. In addition, recent research demonstrates minimal clinically significant differences between these 2 types of devices. Concern regarding possible increased risk of surgical-site contamination with forced-air warmers warrants further study but, again, is unlikely clinically relevant to arthroscopic cases, and proper staff training and warming equipment routine maintenance could minimize patient risk.

THE ECONOMIC AND CAREER EFFECTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON WORKING WOMEN.

Many working women will experience sexual harassment at some point in their careers. While some report this harassment, many leave their jobs to escape the harassing environment. This mixed-methods study examines whether sexual harassment and subsequent career disruption affect women's careers. Using in-depth interviews and longitudinal survey data from the Youth Development Study, we examine the effect of sexual harassment for women in the early career. We find that sexual harassment increases financial stress, largely by precipitating job change, and can significantly alter women's career attainment.

The Growth, Scope, and Spatial Distribution of People With Felony Records in the United States, 1948-2010.

The steep rise in U.S. criminal punishment in recent decades has spurred scholarship on the collateral consequences of imprisonment for individuals, families, and communities. Several excellent studies have estimated the number of people who have been incarcerated and the collateral consequences they face, but far less is known about the size and scope of the total U.S. population with felony convictions beyond prison walls, including those who serve their sentences on probation or in jail. This article develops state-level estimates based on demographic life tables and extends previous national estimates of the number of people with felony convictions to 2010. We estimate that 3 % of the total U.S. adult population and 15 % of the African American adult male population has ever been to prison; people with felony convictions account for 8 % of all adults and 33 % of the African American adult male population. We discuss the far-reaching consequences of the spatial concentration and immense growth of these groups since 1980.

All-inside ACL reconstruction: How does it compare to standard ACL reconstruction techniques?

The all-inside ACL reconstruction technique is a relatively new development in ACL surgery. Some features of this technique include closed-socket tunnels, dual suspensory graft fixation, decreased bone removal, and smaller skin incisions. The purpose of this review was to compare the unique features of the all-inside ACL versus standard ACL techniques using biomechanical and clinical studies. The all-inside ACL appears to have similar overall results on subjective and objective outcomes studies compared to standard ACL techniques and may be associated with decreased post-operative pain. There is also a concern for a higher graft failure rate with the all-inside ACL.

The Institutional Effects of Incarceration: Spillovers From Criminal Justice to Health Care.

POLICY POINTS: The steady increase in incarceration is related to the quality and functioning of the health care system. US states that incarcerate a larger number of people show declines in overall access to and quality of care, rooted in high levels of uninsurance and relatively poor health of former inmates. Providing health care to former inmates would ease the difficulties of inmates and their families. It might also prevent broader adverse spillovers to the health care system. The health care system and the criminal justice system are related in real but underappreciated ways. CONTEXT: This study examines the spillover effects of growth in state-level incarceration rates on the functioning and quality of the US health care system. METHODS: Our multilevel approach first explored cross-sectional individual-level data on health care behavior merged to aggregate state-level data regarding incarceration. We then conducted an entirely aggregate-level analysis to address between-state heterogeneity and trends over time in health care access and utilization. FINDINGS: We found that individuals residing in states with a larger number of former prison inmates have diminished access to care, less access to specialists, less trust in physicians, and less satisfaction with the care they receive. These spillover effects are deep in that they affect even those least likely to be personally affected by incarceration, including the insured, those over 50, women, non-Hispanic whites, and those with incomes far exceeding the federal poverty threshold. These patterns likely reflect the burden of uncompensated care among former inmates, who have both a greater than average need for care and higher than average levels of uninsurance. State-level analyses solidify these claims. Increases in the number of former inmates are associated simultaneously with increases in the percentage of uninsured within a state and increases in emergency room use per capita, both net of controls for between-state heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses establish an intersection between systems of care and corrections, linked by inadequate financial and administrative mechanisms for delivering services to former inmates.

Taste clusters of music and drugs: evidence from three analytic levels.

This article examines taste clusters of musical preferences and substance use among adolescents and young adults. Three analytic levels are considered: fixed effects analyses of aggregate listening patterns and substance use in US radio markets, logistic regressions of individual genre preferences and drug use from a nationally representative survey of US youth, and arrest and seizure data from a large American concert venue. A consistent picture emerges from all three levels: rock music is positively associated with substance use, with some substance-specific variability across rock sub-genres. Hip hop music is also associated with higher use, while pop and religious music are associated with lower use. These results are robust to fixed effects models that account for changes over time in radio markets, a comprehensive battery of controls in the individual-level survey, and concert data establishing the co-occurrence of substance use and music listening in the same place and time. The results affirm a rich tradition of qualitative and experimental studies, demonstrating how symbolic boundaries are simultaneously drawn around music and drugs.

Out and down: incarceration and psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are unusually prevalent among current and former inmates, but it is not known what this relationship reflects. A putative causal relationship is contaminated by assorted influences, including childhood disadvantage, the early onset of most disorders, and the criminalization of substance use. Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (N = 5692), we examine the relationship between incarceration and psychiatric disorders after statistically adjusting for multidimensional influences. The results indicate that (1) some of the most common disorders found among former inmates emerge in childhood and adolescence and therefore predate incarceration; (2) the relationships between incarceration and disorders are smaller for current disorders than lifetime disorders, suggesting that the relationship between incarceration and disorders dissipates over time; and (3) early substance disorders anticipate later incarceration and other psychiatric disorders simultaneously, indicating selection. Yet the results also reveal robust and long-lasting relationships between incarceration and certain disorders, which are not inconsequential for being particular. Specifically, incarceration is related to subsequent mood disorders, related to feeling "down," including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. These disorders, in turn, are strongly related to disability, more strongly than substance abuse disorders and impulse control disorders. Although often neglected as a health consequence of incarceration, mood disorders might explain some of the additional disability former inmates experience following release, elevating their relevance for those interested in prisoner reintegration.

Institutions, Politics, and Mental Health Parity.

Mental health parity laws require insurers to extend comparable benefits for mental and physical health care. Proponents argue that by placing mental health services alongside physical health services, such laws can help ensure needed treatment and destigmatize mental illness. Opponents counter that such mandates are costly or unnecessary. The authors offer a sociological account of the diffusion and spatial distribution of state mental health parity laws. An event history analysis identifies four factors as especially important: diffusion of law, political ideology, the stability of mental health advocacy organizations and the relative health of state economies. Mental health parity is least likely to be established during times of high state unemployment and under the leadership of conservative state legislatures.

SEXUAL HARASSMENT, WORKPLACE AUTHORITY, AND THE PARADOX OF POWER.

Power is at the core of feminist theories of sexual harassment, though it has rarely been measured directly in terms of workplace authority. While popular characterizations portray male supervisors harassing female subordinates, power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study (YDS) to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender non-conformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to non-supervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an "equalizer" against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. The interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender non-conformity and women's authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings.

THE IMPACT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS DURING THE EARLY OCCUPATIONAL CAREER.

Sexual harassment has been theorized as a stressor with consequences for the physical and mental health of its targets. Though social scientists have documented a negative association between sexual harassment and mental health, few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between sexual harassment and depressive symptoms. Using longitudinal survey data from the Youth Development Study, combined with in-depth interviews, this article draws on Louise Fitzgerald's theoretical framework, stress theory, and the life course perspective to assess the impact of sexual harassment on depressive affect during the early occupational career. In support of Fitzgerald's model, our findings confirm that sexual harassment is a stressor that is associated with increased depressive symptoms. Our quantitative results show that women and men who experience more frequent sexual harassment at work have significantly higher levels of depressed mood than non-harassed workers, even after controlling for prior harassment and depressive symptoms. Moreover, we find evidence that sexual harassment early in the career has long-term effects on depressive symptoms in adulthood. Interviews with a subset of our survey respondents point to a variety of coping strategies and reveal further links between harassment and other aspects of mental health, such as anger and self-doubt.

The effect of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB-coated sutures on rotator cuff healing in a sheep model.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether suture could be coated with recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB) and whether the coated suture would improve histologic scores and biomechanical strength of sheep rotator cuff repairs. METHODS: FiberWire sutures (Arthrex, Naples, FL) were dip coated in a collagen-rhPDGF-BB solution. Coating was confirmed by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rotator cuff tears were created in 18 sheep. The tendons were wrapped in Gortex (Gore Medical, Flagstaff, AZ) and allowed to scar for 2 weeks. Tendons were then repaired to bone by use of standard anchors loaded with either rhPDGF-BB-coated sutures or uncoated sutures. Gross examination, histologic analysis, and biomechanical testing were performed 6 weeks after repair. RESULTS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed successful loading of the growth factor onto the sutures. Gross examination showed well-healed tendon-to-bone interfaces in both rhPDGF-BB-augmented repairs and controls. Histologic analysis using a semiquantitative rating scale showed improved tendon-to-bone healing in the rhPDGF-BB-augmented repairs. There was no significant difference in the ultimate load to failure of rhPDGF-BB-augmented rotator cuff repairs compared with standard suture repairs at 6 weeks after repair. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to coat No. 2 FiberWire with rhPDGF-BB. At short-term follow-up, rhPDGF-BB-coated sutures enhanced histologic scores of sheep rotator cuff repairs; however, ultimate load to failure was equivalent to standard suture repairs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: rhPDGF-BB-coated sutures seem to produce a more histologically normal tendon insertion.

Evaluation of early osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model utilizing fourier transform-infrared imaging spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative T2 mapping.

CONTEXT: Evaluation of the morphology and matrix composition of repair cartilage is a critical step toward understanding the natural history of cartilage repair and efficacy of potential therapeutics. In the current study, short-term articular cartilage repair (3 and 6 weeks) was evaluated in a rabbit osteochondral defect model treated with thrombin peptide (TP-508) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quantitative T2 mapping, and Fourier transform-infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS). METHODS: Three-mm-diameter osteochondral defects were made in the rabbit trochlear groove and filled with either TP-508 plus poly-lactoglycolidic acid microspheres or poly-lactoglycolidic acid microspheres alone (placebo). Repair tissue and adjacent normal cartilage were evaluated at 3 and 6 weeks postdefect creation. Intact knees were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging for repair morphology, and with quantitative T2 mapping to assess collagen orientation. Histological sections were evaluated by FT-IRIS for parameters that reflect collagen quantity and quality, as well as proteoglycan (PG) content. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in volume of repair tissue at either time point. At 6 weeks, placebo repair tissue demonstrated longer T2 values (p < 0.01) than TP-508 did. Although both placebo and TP-508 repair tissue demonstrated longer T2 values than adjacent normal cartilage did, the 6-week T2 values of the TP-508 specimens were closer to those of the adjacent normal cartilage than were the placebo values. FT-IRIS analysis demonstrated a significant increase in collagen content, integrity, and PG content of the TP-508 repair tissue from 3 to 6 weeks (p < or = 0.05). In addition, the collagen and PG content of the TP-508 samples were closer to normal cartilage at 3 weeks than were the placebo samples. Further, there was a significant inverse correlation between the T2 relaxation values and collagen orientation in the normal cartilage. However, there were no significant correlations between T2 relaxation values and any FT-IRIS parameter in the repair tissue. Together, the data demonstrate that MRI and FT-IRIS assessment of cartilage repair tissue provide molecular information that furthers understanding of the cartilage repair process.

Settling down and aging out: toward an interactionist theory of desistance and the transition to adulthood.

Conceptions of adulthood have changed dramatically in recent decades. Despite such changes, however, the notion that young people will eventually "settle down" and desist from delinquent behaviors is remarkably persistent. This article unites criminology with classic work on age norms and role behavior to contend that people who persist in delinquency will be less likely to make timely adult transitions. The empirical analysis supports this proposition, with both arrest and self-reported crime blocking the passage to adult status. The authors conclude that desisting from delinquency is an important part of the package of role behaviors that define adulthood.

WELFARE AND CITIZENSHIP: THE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE ON YOUNG ADULTS' CIVIC PARTICIPATION.

Recent scholarship and public discourse highlight an apparent waning of civic engagement in the United States. Although the welfare state is generally thought to support democracy by reducing economic inequality, it may paradoxically contribute to political disempowerment of some groups. We examine the effects of state interventions on civic participation among young adults, hypothesizing that involvement with stigmatizing social programs, such as welfare, reduces political engagement while receipt of non-stigmatizing government assistance does not dampen civic involvement. Using official voting records and survey data from the Youth Development Study (YDS), a longitudinal community sample of young adults, a series of regression models suggests that welfare recipients are less likely to vote than non-recipients, whereas recipients of non-means tested government assistance participate similarly to young adults who do not receive government help. These effects hold even when background factors, self-efficacy, and prior voting behavior are controlled. Welfare receipt is not associated, however, with suppressed participation in non-state arenas such as volunteer work. Intensive interviews with YDS welfare recipients are used to illustrate and develop the analysis.

Biomechanical comparison of knotless anchor repair versus simple suture repair for type II SLAP lesions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate glenohumeral motion after knotless anchor repair of type II SLAP lesions versus repair with simple suture arthroscopic knot-tying techniques and to compare the initial fixation strength of the 2 repair techniques. METHODS: Six matched-pair cadaveric shoulders were tested in an uninjured condition, after creation of a type II SLAP tear, and after repair with either a knotless repair with two 3.5-mm Bio-PushLock anchors (Arthrex, Naples, FL) or a simple suture repair with two 3.0-mm Bio-SutureTak anchors (Arthrex) placed anterior and posterior to the biceps tendon. Glenohumeral rotation, translation, and kinematics were measured. The SLAP repairs were then loaded to failure perpendicular to the glenoid face. RESULTS: Glenohumeral rotation increased after creation of a type II SLAP lesion and was restored to the intact state after both repairs. There was no significant difference in glenohumeral translation or kinematics with SLAP lesion or either repair technique. There was no significant difference between stiffness, yield load, or ultimate load of the 2 repairs. Simple suture repairs failed most commonly by knot breakage, and knotless repairs failed by suture slippage around the anchor. CONCLUSIONS: Knotless anchor repairs of type II SLAP lesions restore glenohumeral rotation as well as simple suture arthroscopic repair techniques without overconstraining the shoulder. In addition, the initial fixation strength of knotless anchor repairs of type II SLAP lesions is similar to that of simple suture repairs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knotless anchor repairs of type II SLAP lesions restore capsulolabral anatomy without overconstraining the shoulder.

Legal Consciousness and Responses to Sexual Harassment.

Studies of legal mobilization often focus on people who have perceived some wrong, but rarely consider the process that selects them into the pool of potential "mobilizers." Similarly, studies of victimization or targeting rarely go on to consider what people do about the wrong, or why some targets come forward and others remain silent. We here integrate sociolegal, feminist, and criminological theories in a conceptual model that treats experiencing sexual harassment and mobilizing in response to it as interrelated processes. We then link these two processes by modeling them as jointly determined outcomes and examine their connections using interviews with a subset of our survey respondents. Our results suggest that targets of harassment are selected, in part, because they are least likely to tell others about the experience. Strategies that workers employ to cope with and confront harassment are also discussed. We find that traditional formal/informal dichotomies of mobilization responses may not fully account for the range of ways individuals respond to harassment, and we propose a preliminary typology of responses.